Resumo O efeito da cristalização sobre as propriedades mecânicas (dureza, módulo de elasticidade e tenacidade à fratura por indentação) do vitrocerâmico dissilicato de lítio Li2O.2SiO2 foi investigado pela técnica de indentação (indentação instrumentada, microdurezas Vickers e Knoop). Os tratamentos térmicos para cristalização foram realizados em duas etapas: nucleação em 475 °C por 2, 5 e 10 h, e crescimento de cristais em 563 °C por 0,5, 1, 2, 3 e 24 h. Foram determinadas as frações cristalizadas, que foram correlacionadas com a dureza, o módulo de elasticidade e a tenacidade à fratura por indentação. Os testes de microdureza foram realizados utilizando-se penetradores Vickers e Knoop. O módulo de elasticidade das regiões amorfas e cristalinas foi medido por testes de indentação instrumentada com um indentador Berkovich, realizado em cada fase separadamente. A modificação da morfologia das trincas geradas por indentação com pontas piramidais foi avaliada para amostras com diferentes frações cristalinas utilizando microscopia óptica. Foi discutida a alteração dos padrões de trincas, para diferentes graus de cristalização, na forma de determinação da tenacidade à fratura por indentação. Os maiores valores de dureza e tenacidade foram obtidos em amostras com 100% de fração cristalina, sendo que maiores tempos de nucleação de cristais levaram a melhores valores nas propriedades mecânicas investigadas. Os valores obtidos para amostras 100% de fração cristalina foram: tenacidade à fratura por indentação de 1,8 MPa.m1/2, microdureza Knoop de 7,2 GPa e módulo de elasticidade de 155 GPa.

Abstract The effect of crystallization on the mechanical properties (hardness, modulus of elasticity and fracture toughness) of lithium disilicate Li2O.2SiO2 glass-ceramic was investigated by indentation (instrumented indentation, and Vickers and Knoop microhardness). The heat treatments for crystallization were carried out in two stages: nucleation at 475 °C for 2, 5 and 10 h, and crystals growth at 563 °C for 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 24 h. Crystal fractions were correlated to hardness, elastic modulus and fracture toughness. Hardness was measured by Knoop and Vickers indenters. The modulus of elasticity of the amorphous and crystalline regions was measured by instrumented indentation tests with a Berkovich indenter, performed in each phase separately. The morphology of cracks generated by indentation with pyramid indenters was investigated for samples with different crystalline fractions using optical microscopy. The highest values of hardness and toughness were obtained in samples with 100% crystalline fraction, with the highest nucleation time. The obtained values were: fracture toughness of 1.8 MPa.m1/2, Knoop microhardness of 7.2 GPa and elastic modulus of 155 GPa.

A nitriding process based on two distinct nitrogen glow discharge modes, with sample temperatures ranging from 380 0C to 480 0C, was employed to treat the surface of austenitic stainless steel (SS 304). The temperature is controlled exclusively by switching the operation conditions of the discharges. First mode of operation is the conventional one, named cathodic, which runs at higher pressure values (1 mbar) in comparison to the second mode, named anodic, which runs at the pressure range of 10-3 - 10-2 mbar. Cathodic mode is used to quickly heat the sample holder, by the high ion flux. On the other hand, in the anodic mode, due to the lower operation pressure, higher effective ion acceleration takes place, which allows deeper ion implantation into the sample surface. This hybrid process was thoroughly explored regarding the duty cycle and conditions of operation, to achieve optimal performance of the treatments, which led to the attainment of surface hardness for samples of AISI SS 304 as high as 20 GPa and improvements including higher elastic modulus and resistance against corrosion. Detailed comparison among samples treated by this process with others treated by conventional method was done using nanoindentation, Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and corrosion resistance testing.

In the present work we report the mechanical properties of ca(b)-planes of Ag-doped top-seeded melt-grown YBaCuO (YBCO) pellets at different concentrations. Hardness and elastic modulus were obtained by instrumented indentation and fracture toughness by conventional Vickers indentation. Hardness profiles for both planes indicated values between 7-8 GPa at deep tip penetration. Significant differences in elastic modulus were observed as a function of Ag content for the ab-plane while no difference were seen for the ca(b)-plane. Doping with 5 wt. % Ag2O increases the hardness and elastic modulus for the ab-plane in relation to the undoped sample due to Ag solid-solution hardening. Indentation fracture toughness rises with Ag doping for the ab-plane. Intensive plastic deformation was observed in ca(b) plane for conventional Vickers indentation.

Nitrogen Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) has been used to modify the surface chemical structure of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE). Grinding and polishing processes based on abrasive papers and alumina pastes have been evaluated with regard to their results on the improvement of polymer surface roughness, which has shown to be of crucial importance for hardness characterization. Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and Nanoindentation tests were used to characterize the modified surfaces. Experimental results has shown that UHMWPE surface mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus can be improved by induced chain cross-linking between the macromolecules on the polymer surface caused by nitrogen PIII. The new material formed on the surface is Diamond Like Carbon (DLC). As a significant improvement in hardness was obtained by DLC synthesis on the treated surface, it is expected a dramatic improvement of abrasion resistance and overall durability of prostheses made with PIII treated UHMWPE.

To improve the performance of critical part components, new methods for surface strengthening are being developed with success, like plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) and hybrid surface treatments mixing PIII and ion nitriding processes. A combination of high pressure (4 × 10¹Pa), moderate temperature (up to 450ºC) glow discharge nitriding with low pressure (8 × 10-2Pa) and low DC bias voltage ion nitriding (or DC PIII) was implemented. Depending on the particular conditions of the treatment and the depth probed, mixed phases of gammaN and epsilon were measured in the treated SS304 steel sample. This near surface modification resulted in an improved hardness (up to a factor of 2.7 ×) of the sample which could also enhance its wear properties. Surface modification of Ti6Al4V alloy and SS304 steel by a combination of PIII and subsequent ion nitriding was investigated as well. Nitrogen ions were implanted into the specimens at 15 keV and then ion nitrided at low pressure (7 × 10-2Pa) with a bias of -800 V. Compared to the untreated samples, the hardness of Ti6Al4V alloy and the steels could be improved significantly. AES results indicated high retained doses in both samples, confirming the high efficiency of this hybrid process.